Clinical Studies & References

At GLO Science, we've noticed that when you have safe and effective at-home teeth whitening products and devices that are clinically proven to work, people also take notice. We're proud to provide our customers with these clinical studies, references, peer-reviewed articles and other materials. We hope that you'll take a moment to check out these references, including studies that have utilized GLO Science teeth whitening products, tested their efficacy and measured them up with other leading at-home teeth whitening products.

Our patented products and devices were invented by New York City's top practicing aesthetic celebrity dentist, Jonathan B. Levine, and are now used in thousands of dental practices around the country. GLO Science has changed the way professionally whitened teeth are achieved. In addition, we've offered our at-home best teeth whitening products that actually work, made with safe home teeth whitening ingredients. Our patented GLO Science products, devices and methods, which use gentle warming heat and LED lighting, amplify your teeth whitening results in a relatively short period of time.

When you incorporate GLO Science products and devices (such as GLO Lit and GLO Brilliant) into your oral health routine, you'll enjoy a brighter smile and a healthier mouth. The active hydrogen peroxide ingredient in our patented GLO Vials teeth whitening gels can help reduce the germs in your mouth - improving overall gum and mouth health as well as reducing your chances of gingivitis.

With decades of experience in clinical dentistry, GLO Science is an industry leader in teeth whitening and oral care technologies. For more information about GLO Science, such as more about our GLO Vial formulation or how to use our products, check out GLO Learn!


GLO Science teeth whitening and oral care technologies and formulations are based on science, decades of experience in clinical dentistry, and expertise on smile beauty and oral health. 

GLO Science Clinical Studies

Hasturk H. DDS, PhD and Van Dyke T. DDS, PhD. “A Pilot Study testing the G.L.O Home Whitening Device with Whitening “G-Vials” Forsyth School of Dental Hygiene, 2010.

Nachnani S. et al. “A Pilot Study Testing the Efficacy of GLO SOLO G-Vials” University Health Resources, 2012.

Nachnani S. et al. “A Pilot Study Testing the Efficacy of G.L.O Home Tooth Whitening Device with Whitening “G-Vials” and comparing it to the Zoom professional whitening.” University Health Resources, 2012.

Nachnani S. et al. “A Pilot Study Testing the Efficacy of G.L.O Home Tooth Whitening Device with Whitening “G-Vials” vs Crest whitening strips. University Health Resources, 2012.

Nachnani S. et al. “GLO Brilliant Whitening Device vs Crest 3D White Whitestrips Advanced Vivid (CWS)” University Health Resources, 2012.

Nachnani S. et al. “GLO Brilliant Whitening Device vs. Zoom! Professional Whitening Administered by Dentists” University Health Resources, 2012.

Hasturk H. DDS, PhD and Van Dyke T. DDS, PhD. “Efficacy of GLO Brilliant Personal Teeth Whitening Device and Whitening G-Vials” Boston University, 2013.

Levine, Jonathan B. DMD. “White Paper: GLO Science Pro Teeth Whitening” GLO Science, 2015.

Levine, Jonathan B. DMD and Hasturk, H. DDS et al. "Foaming Gel with Cetylpridinium Chloride and Antioxidants Reduces Gingival Inflammation" IADR Archives, Novel Adjunctive Therapeutics in Oral Health Poster Session, 2019.

Levine, Jonathan B. DMD, et al. “Efficacy of a Novel Post‐Foaming Dental Gel on Gingival Inflammation: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.” Journal of Periodontology, 2020, doi:10.1002/jper.19-0594.

Resources and References

Levine, Jonathan B. Teeth-Whitening Technology: Biology and anatomy are critical factors. Inside Dentistry, March 2017, 42-48.

Baroudi K, Hassan NA. The effect of light-activation sources on tooth bleaching. Niger Med J. 2014;55(5):363-368. doi:10.4103/0300-1652.140316

Watts A, Addy M. Tooth discolouration and staining: A review of the literature. Br Dent J. 2001;190:309-316.

Fasanaro TS. Bleaching teeth: History, chemicals, and methods used for common toothdiscolorations. J Esthet Restor Dent. 1992;4(3)71-78.

Kugel G, Aboushala A, Zhou X, Gerlach RW. Daily use of whitening strips on tetracycline-stained teeth: Comparative results after two months. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2002;23:29-34.

Gerlach RW, Zhou X. Vital bleaching with whitening strips: Summary of clinical research on effectiveness and tolerability. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2001;2:1-16.

Palo RM, Bonetti-Filho I, Valera MC, Camargo CH, Camargo S, Moura-Netto C, Pameijer C. Quantification of peroxide ion passage in dentin, enamel, and cementum after internal bleaching with hydrogen peroxide. Oper Dent. 2012;37(6):660-664.

Chen J, Xu J, Shing C. Decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents under various chemical and physical conditions. J Prosthet Dent. 1993;69(1)46-48.

Browning WD, Blalock JS, Frazier KB, Downey MC, Myers ML. Duration and timing of sensitivity related to bleaching. J Esthet Restor Dent. 2007;19(5)256-264.

Frysh H. Chemistry of bleaching. In: Goldstein RE. Complete Dental Bleaching. 1st ed. Hanover Park, IL: Quintessence Publishing; 1995:25-32.

Gerlach RW, Gibb RD, Sagel PA. A randomized clinical trial comparing a novel 5.3% hydrogen peroxide whitening strip to 10%, 15%, and 20% carbamide peroxide tray-based bleaching systems. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000;29:S22-S28.

Haywood VB, Caughman WF, Frazier KB, Myers ML. Tray delivery of potassium nitrate-fluoride to reduce bleaching sensitivity. Quintessence Int. 2001;32(2)105-109.

Yarborough DK. The safety and efficacy of tooth bleaching: a review of the literature 1988-1990. Compendium. 1991;12(3):191-196.

Gerlach RW, Zhou X. Comparative clinical efficacy of two professional bleaching systems. Compend Contin Educ Dent 2002;23:35-41.

Davidi MP, Hadad A, Weiss EI, Domb A, Mizrahi B, Sterer N. The effect of a mild increase in temperature on tooth bleaching. Quintessence Int. 2008;39(9)771-775.

Cohen SC. Human pulpal response to bleaching procedures on vital teeth. J Endod.1979;5(5)134-138.

Robertson WD, Melfi RC. Pulpal response to vital bleaching procedures. J Endod. 1980;6(7)645-648.

Gibson-Howell J. Review of: Tooth Whitening: Indications and Outcomes of Nightguard Vital Bleaching. J Dent Hyg. 2008;82(5).

Brannstrom M. The Hydrodynamic Theory of Dentinal Pain: Sensation in Preparations, Caries, and the Dentinal Crack Syndrome. J Endod. 1986;12(10):453-457.

Narhi M.V.O. Dentin sensitivity: A review. Jour Biol Buccale. 1985;13:75-96.

Brannstrom M, Astrom A. A Study on the Mechanism of Pain Elicited from the Dentin. J Dent Res. 1964:619-625.

Karpinia KA, Magnusson I, Sagel PA, Zhou X, Gerlach RW. Vital bleaching with two at-home professional systems. Am J Dent. 2002 Sep;15 Spec No:13A-18A.

Burningham AR, Davidson BJ, Malekzadeh S, Dasgupta R, Yoder BE, Newkirk KA. Tooth whiteners as a risk factor for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: A report of cases. Paper presented at: 6th International Conference on Head and Neck Cancer; August 7-11, 2004; Washington, D.C.

Deliperi S, Bardwell DN, Papathanasiou A. Clinical evaluation of a combined in-office and takehome bleaching system. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(5)628-634.

Matis BA. Degradation of gel in tray whitening. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000;28:S28, S31-S35.

Odioso LL, Gibb RD, Gerlach RW. Impact of demographic, behavioral, and dental care utilization parameters on tooth color and personal satisfaction. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000;29:S35-S41.